Mark Levin Podcast

Rich Valdez, filling in for Mark Levin, explores a wide range of political and social issues, from the implications of AI bias and Silicon Valley's ideological influence to the rise of radical Islamism and anti-Semitism. He discusses recent high-stakes incidents, including a dramatic flight incident on a Fly Dubai aircraft and legislative developments regarding immigration enforcement and voter fraud investigations in Minnesota. The episode also touches on themes of American identity through discussions on Hispanic Heritage Month and the importance of medical accountability in the Lindsay Clancy case. Valdez concludes with a personal plea for health awareness following an anecdote about a sudden cardiac arrest.

Mark Levin discusses allegations of DOJ overreach, specifically regarding Special Counsel Jack Smith's use of secret subpoenas to target media organizations and Republican senators. The episode also explores investigations into complex property transactions involving Islamic centers in Florida and the broader geopolitical risks posed by the Iranian regime. In an interview with Alan Dershowitz, the discussion shifts to the evolution of the Democratic Party, which Dershowitz claims has moved toward Marxism and anti-Americanism. He discusses his decision to leave the party, citing the rise of identity politics and the erosion of meritocracy, while emphasizing the importance of the US-Israel alliance.

Brian Mudd and Mark Levin discuss the security implications of releasing terror suspects on bail in the UK, linking it to a perceived long-term strategy by the Muslim Brotherhood. The episode explores demographic shifts in London and Michigan, alongside geopolitical tensions involving the 'modern axis' of China, Russia, and Iran. The discussion also covers U.S. economic indicators, contrasting record-low poverty rates and rising median incomes with public dissatisfaction driven by inflation. Finally, the show examines the impact of energy disruptions on global stability and the potential for future U.S. tax policies to drive growth.

Mark Levin critiques the current administration's foreign policy, specifically regarding the treatment of Iran and Israel, while warning against the rise of radicalism within the Democratic Party. He discusses recent geopolitical developments involving Greenland and expresses concern over the influence of Marxist-Islamist ideologies in American politics and education. Levin further explores the perceived radicalization of American institutions, including schools, universities, and the media, arguing that conservatives have surrendered cultural ground. The episode also examines Benjamin Netanyahu's leadership and analyzes a recent court ruling regarding the revocation of White House press credentials for several major news organizations.

Mark Levin examines the rise of socialist sentiment in America, suggesting recent immigration trends may be influencing Gallup poll results. He provides a sharp critique of major media outlets regarding their coverage of Israel, Netanyahu, and the conflict in Gaza, while also discussing the strategic use of laser technology in the Strait of Hormuz. The episode further covers President Trump's recent fiscal actions, including the cancellation of $810 million in federal funding for illegal immigration and race-focused programs. Levin also discusses Ukraine's missile manufacturing capabilities, critiques various political figures like AOC and Abdul El-Sayed, and features an interview regarding a new documentary on Ronald Reagan.

Mark Levin examines pressing national security threats, beginning with concerns over Xi Jinping's visit to the United States and its implications for technology and stability. The episode features analysis of Benjamin Netanyahu's UN speech regarding terrorism and antisemitism, alongside Javier Milei's critique of the United Nations. The program also covers domestic legal battles, including a controversial court ruling on White House press credentials and debates surrounding judicial appointments. Additionally, Levin discusses the geopolitical role of Israel in protecting religious minorities and reviews various political developments, from state dinner guest lists to shifts in US legislative landscapes.

Mark Levin interviews Yael Eckstein, CEO of the International Fellowship of Christians and Jews, to discuss the shared spiritual and civilizational battles facing America and Israel. They explore the organization's humanitarian efforts in conflict zones like Ukraine and Gaza, emphasizing the vital alliance between Christians and Jews. The conversation further delves into the spiritual significance of Jewish holidays, the ongoing security threats to Israel, and the deep-rooted connection between faiths through shared biblical values. Eckstein concludes with an appeal for support for the International Fellowship's mission to defend faith and provide aid in war-torn areas.

Mark Levin examines the existential geopolitical threats posed by Communist China and Iran, characterizing the global struggle as a civilizational battle against expansionist ideologies. The episode covers the imminent nuclear threat from Iran, the dangers of regime propaganda, and the security risks involving diverted F-35 fighter jet parts held in China. Domestically, the discussion addresses the influence of radical ideologies within American institutions, criticisms of local leadership regarding immigration policy, and historical precedents for government interference with the press. The episode concludes with an analysis of political shifts, including declining approval ratings for Democratic leadership and the economic impacts of illegal immigration.

Mark Levin discusses the geopolitical crisis involving Iran, advocating for a strategy of arming the Iranian people and utilizing Israeli intelligence to achieve victory rather than engaging in negotiations. The episode also covers the necessity of maintaining stark political contrasts between Republicans and Democrats heading into the midterm elections, while critiquing the influence of globalism and radical ideologies within the Democratic Party. The program features an interview with Trace Gallagher, who shares life lessons from his career and mentors like John Wooden. Additionally, Levin addresses personal allegations made by Politico regarding his stepson and concludes with a discussion on the political stakes of the upcoming elections and a salute to service members worldwide.

Ben Ferguson examines allegations of media bias and the potential for political censorship, arguing that mainstream news outlets function as state-sponsored propaganda for the Democratic Party. He discusses the legal implications of restricting White House press access, warning that establishing precedents to ban certain outlets could later be weaponized by Democrats against conservative voices. The episode further explores the radicalism within the Democratic platform, including critiques of the DSA and potential strategies for targeting administration officials through political lawfare. Ferguson also addresses themes of government overreach, ranging from controversial policing and economic policies to invasive state-mandated home visits in Massachusetts.

Mark Levin discusses the foundational principles of the United States, arguing that the nation is built on a fusion of Judeo-Christian values and Enlightenment ideals. He contrasts this framework with the ideologies of Islamism and Marxism, which he claims reject natural law and individual liberty. The episode also addresses modern political challenges, including criticisms of Republicans for supporting regulations on data centers and AI technology. Levin argues these regulatory efforts are often forms of crony capitalism designed to create monopolies. Additionally, he critiques the Democratic Party's stances on immigration and birthright citizenship, while defending the shared values between the United States and Israel.

Mark Levin examines the historical and modern-day suppression of press freedom in the United States, tracing government interference from the Sedition Act of 1798 through the administrations of Lincoln, Wilson, FDR, and Obama. He explores how various presidential eras utilized censorship, propaganda, and surveillance to target political critics and media outlets. The episode also features a critique of contemporary political figures and the Democratic Party, specifically addressing rising anti-Semitism and perceived anti-American sentiments. Levin concludes with discussions on the impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, listener calls regarding midterm election concerns, and a call to action for defending American values.

Mark Levin examines the radicalization of the Democratic Party, focusing on ties to Islamism and anti-American ideologies. He analyzes key political battles in Michigan, specifically the Senate race involving Abdul El-Sayed, and discusses broader demographic shifts and the strategic risks of controversial political associations. The episode also features an interview with New York gubernatorial candidate Bruce Blakeman regarding economic revitalization and crime. Levin concludes by critiquing recent political advertisements, discussing the potential misuse of impeachment, and addressing concerns over AI regulation and immigration enforcement.

Mark Levin critiques government attempts to regulate AI and wealth through socialist ideologies, defending capitalism as the driver of economic prosperity. The episode covers a wide range of political and economic topics, including concerns over the national debt, criticisms of various political figures, and the influence of biblical and Enlightenment principles on the American founding. The program also features discussions on international relations involving China, Israel, and Russia, alongside an interview with Ben Shapiro regarding security threats to public figures and his new film. The episode concludes with reflections on political ideologies and a salute to American service members and the American people.

Mark Levin discusses his opposition to government regulation of AI data centers, arguing that such regulations are driven by fear-mongering and political agendas. He critiques both Democrats and certain Republicans for failing to champion the economic benefits of this technology, which he believes is essential for American competitiveness. The episode also covers various political developments, including criticisms of Representative Al Green and Senator Tom Massey regarding impeachment attempts and the War Powers Act. Additionally, an interview with Bill O'Reilly explores his book 'Confronting America,' focusing on the impact of secularism on American society and its connection to rising crime.

Mark Levin explores the foundational role of Judeo-Christian values and Enlightenment principles in the creation of the United States, arguing that these pillars are essential to American liberty. He critiques modern political movements, including Marxism and certain elements of the Democratic Party, claiming they represent an attack on the nation's constitutional structures. The episode also addresses emerging technological threats and opportunities, specifically regarding AI regulation and data centers. Levin discusses the strategic importance of maintaining America's lead in AI over China while warning against government power grabs. The broadcast concludes with discussions on political vetting, international technology sharing, and various social justice issues.

Mark Levin examines shifting economic trends, noting a divergence in unemployment rates between college graduates and non-degreed workers. He provides a stark critique of the escalating national debt, warning that rising interest payments threaten to consume the federal budget and trigger economic collapse. The episode also addresses political dynamics, including criticisms of 'socialist light' conservatism and the influence of university faculty on anti-Western sentiment. Additionally, the program features commentary on California's economy, debates regarding election boycotts, and a tribute to the legacy of Charlie Kirk.

Reflecting on the 25th anniversary of 9/11, Brian Mudd and Mark Levin argue that the West has failed to recognize a long-term strategic plan by Islamic groups to influence Western institutions. The episode examines the alleged 100-year strategy of the Muslim Brotherhood, detailing its purported decade-by-decade progression toward institutional entrenchment. The discussion covers the increasing presence of Islamists in elected political positions and the perceived lack of religious diligence among Christians and Jews as a contributing factor to societal shifts. Through statistics on global terror attacks and listener interactions, the hosts call for greater awareness and proactive defense of foundational Western values.

Mark Levin pays tribute to the late Charlie Kirk, reflecting on their shared conservative values and discussing the impact of progressive ideologies in higher education. The episode features archival discussions covering Twitter censorship, skepticism toward U.S. national security leadership in Ukraine, and the rise of Islamism in Europe. The program also examines the legacy of 9/11 through emergency recordings, listener reflections on heroism, and a critique of Fairfax County school guidelines regarding the commemoration of the attacks. The discussion concludes with a focus on the profound self-sacrifice demonstrated by first responders.

Mark Levin explores the theological and cultural motivations behind the 9/11 attacks, referencing Ayaan Hirsi Ali's insights into how religious-driven motives are often misinterpreted as political grievances. The episode examines the ideological conflict between Western civilization and Islamist movements, drawing parallels to Marxist subversion and institutional capture. The discussion continues with an interview with Representative Claudia Tenney regarding international boycotts against Israel and the economic implications for American businesses. Levin concludes by critiquing the radicalization of the Democratic Party, discussing geopolitical tensions involving Iran, and addressing the threat of radicalism within the United States.

Mark Levin discusses a coordinated political smear campaign against Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu and addresses the rising influence of Islamist ideologies in America. The episode also explores economic trends favoring non-degree holders, the dangers of expanding government entitlement programs, and the massive scale of the national debt. Levin further critiques 'pseudo-conservative' policies, discusses international relations regarding Israel and Europe, and emphasizes personal responsibility over government dependency. The program concludes with listener calls addressing immigration, assimilation, and the long-term implications of federal spending.

Mark Levin examines the intersection of technological advancement and political ideology, arguing that AI data centers are essential for national security and economic growth despite local opposition in places like Martin County. He critiques modern political shifts, including the perceived alliance between Marxist rhetoric and Islamist movements, and warns against the influence of foreign legal systems on American law. The episode also covers significant legal and international developments, including allegations of political targeting within the New York Attorney General's office, military tensions with Iran, and investigations into student activism at Columbia University. Levin concludes by addressing judicial appointment battles and concerns regarding religious commissions in state government.

Mark Levin argues that data centers are essential infrastructure for modern life, warning that local opposition to these developments could lead to economic decline and allow global competitors like China to win the technological race. He discusses the geopolitical necessity of AI infrastructure and critiques recent Supreme Court decisions regarding legal standing. Levin also addresses political issues in Florida, specifically criticizing a proposed moratorium on data centers in Martin County. The episode concludes with a discussion on the constitutional requirement for congressional oaths, a defense of the economic prosperity of the Reagan era, and a warning against 'woke right' ideologies that threaten national sovereignty.

Mark Levin examines the legal and societal fallout from the Lindsay Clancy mistrial, criticizing defense tactics and discussing the broader erosion of moral values. The episode also covers significant economic shifts, including the rise of data centers as a new industrial revolution and the impact of manufacturing job growth. Additionally, the program addresses political developments ranging from Senator Durbin's credit card mandate proposal to the strategic landscape of upcoming elections in Florida. Through various listener calls and interviews, Levin explores themes of ideological conflict, international relations, and the economic competition between states.

Mark Levin discusses the constitutional necessity of the oath of office, arguing that candidates who express opposition to the Constitution should be barred from Congress under Article 6. He critiques political figures like Tucker Carlson and Abdullah El-Sayed, accusing them of undermining American values through ideologies incompatible with the nation's founding principles. The episode also covers economic and legal issues, including the impact of data centers on energy costs, the historical legacy of the Reagan era, and legal arguments regarding the 14th Amendment. Levin concludes with reflections on constitutional intent, the incorporation doctrine, and the importance of protecting the Second Amendment.

Mark Levin discusses his support for the Reagan doctrine regarding Iran, critiques the Durbin credit card mandate, and addresses concerns over the political influence of Islam in American local government. He also reflects on his 23rd anniversary in radio. The episode covers election predictions, a critique of 'globalism' as a threat to American sovereignty, and concerns regarding the DSA and radical ideologies. Levin further investigates allegations against activist Moshe Madawi, discusses judicial reform proposals, and responds to callers regarding immigration and religious influence in politics.

Mark Levin discusses the importance of data center expansion as a new industrial revolution, arguing that these facilities drive economic growth and job creation despite opposition from local officials in places like Martin County, Florida. He also critiques recent Supreme Court decisions regarding legal standing and addresses concerns over political targeting within the New York Attorney General's office. The episode further explores themes of ideological shifts, including the potential fusion of Marxism and Islamism, and debates the implications of birthright citizenship. Additionally, Levin features an interview with Pennsylvania State Treasurer Stacey Garrity on economic challenges in her state and concludes with a discussion on the impact of illegal immigration and critiques of generational attacks on the Boomer generation.

Mark Levin discusses the critical necessity of data centers and AI for maintaining American economic leadership and national security against competitors like China. He addresses common concerns regarding electricity, water usage, and noise pollution, presenting research and caller perspectives to debunk myths about environmental impacts while emphasizing the life-saving potential of AI in healthcare. The episode also explores the risks of technological isolationism, arguing that resisting infrastructure development could drive STEM talent overseas. Levin concludes with discussions on local government responsibility in zoning, international defense alliances involving Israel, and recent judicial rulings regarding visa policies for pro-Palestinian students.

Mark Levin discusses the importance of embracing AI data centers for American technological and military supremacy, warning against political hypocrisy. He also offers a tribute to Dolly Parton's patriotic legacy and shares personal reflections on family loss. The episode continues with commentary on the impact of AI on writing, the decline of historical knowledge among younger generations, and the economic implications of rising national debt. Levin concludes by critiquing the political use of impeachment and analyzing Executive Order 14399 regarding mail-in election integrity.

Rich Valdez, filling in for Mark Levin, leads a wide-ranging discussion on the pressing political and economic challenges facing the United States. The episode covers significant drug interdictions off the coast of Puerto Rico, the economic impacts of illegal immigration, and critiques of political figures such as Alexandria Ocasio Cortez and Josh Gottheimer regarding their ideological ties to the DSA. The broadcast also features listener calls addressing themes of cultural warfare, border security, and the influence of leftist ideologies on American institutions. Valdez explores the intersection of politics and culture, discussing everything from the impact of artist outspokenness to the fundamental moral struggles presented in the current political landscape.

Mark Levin discusses an executive order regarding mail-in election integrity, arguing that the measures are a legitimate effort to prevent fraud and verify citizenship. He also critiques an Islamic scholar's rhetoric regarding Zionism and expresses concern over the rise of anti-Semitic sentiment. Levin further addresses the use of Marxist language by Islamists, the rise of radicalism in Europe and America, and a controversy involving CBC reporting on 9/11. The episode also covers media reliability regarding Gaza coverage, the legacy of Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative, and an interview with John Husted regarding his Senate campaign.

Mark Levin discusses the growing influence of foreign funding in American institutions, specifically highlighting concerns regarding Qatar's role in US politics. The episode covers various political critiques, including the use of impeachment as a partisan weapon by Democrats and the impact of modern gender identity discourse. The program also features an interview with Senator Dan Sullivan regarding his re-election campaign in Alaska, focusing on energy production, military funding, and the risks of ranked-choice voting. Additionally, Levin addresses controversies surrounding Twitch streamer Hassan Piker, critiques the rise of globalism versus national sovereignty, and discusses the technological implications of AI data centers.

Mark Levin reflects on the passing of Dolly Parton and shares personal reflections on family loss before transitioning into a deep critique of the nation's fiscal instability. He analyzes the unsustainable nature of Social Security, warning that rising debt and economic mismanagement pose existential threats to American civil society. The episode also explores cultural and educational challenges, including the impact of AI on literacy and the fight against educational indoctrination as discussed in 'The Education Avengers.' Levin concludes with a critique of modern political leadership and the necessity of exercising power within constitutional bounds.

Mark Levin discusses the critical importance of embracing AI data centers and technological infrastructure to ensure American military and economic supremacy against global competitors like China. He criticizes political opposition to industrial development, warning that a regressive mentality could lead to irreversible loss of global leadership. The episode also covers the geopolitical implications of AI, addressing concerns regarding foreign influence, surveillance, and the environmental impacts of energy production. Through discussions with callers and developers, Levin explores the necessity of building domestic capacity in energy and technology to maintain national security and economic stability.

This episode features a compilation of Mark Levin's recent commentary, ranging from the influence of economic thinkers like Tom Sowell to critiques of modern political movements. He discusses the necessity of military action against the Iranian regime and warns against the dangers of isolationism and radical ideologies. Levin also addresses the rise of DSA candidates within the Democratic Party, evaluates Ron DeSantis's governorship, and critiques 'national conservatism.' Additionally, he explores the economic importance of AI data centers and energy infrastructure, arguing that opposition to these technologies threatens American competitiveness against China.

Mark Levin explores the ideological divide within the Republican Party between 'Buchanites' and 'Reaganites/Trumpites,' analyzing the philosophical distinction between positive and negative power. He examines how the centralization of authority threatens liberty, referencing historical perspectives from Montesquieu, C.S. Lewis, and James Madison. The episode also covers significant political developments, including reports on religious tensions in Dearborn, Turkish military movements in Syria, and President Trump's economic and border security platform in South Carolina. The program concludes with an interview with Ken Paxton regarding his Texas Senate campaign and discussions on international conflicts and domestic legal challenges.

Mark Levin critiques the rise of 'national conservatism,' arguing its economic interventionism and isolationist tendencies overlap too closely with leftist ideologies. He advocates for constitutional conservatism, emphasizing the original intent of the Constitution and the separation of powers while warning against the misuse of the Commerce Clause. The episode also addresses the economic unaffordability of blue states, critiques Democratic leadership and media figures like Maggie Haberman, and examines potential national security vulnerabilities regarding federal vetting processes. Additionally, Levin discusses international relations involving Iran and Turkey, as well as recent controversies surrounding political fundraisers and social media personalities.

Mark Levin examines the economic and political implications of AI data centers, warning that regulatory hurdles in blue states could allow China to achieve technological dominance. The episode also features a critique of journalist John Schindler's isolationist views on U.S. military policy regarding Iran. In an interview with Bruce Blakeman, the discussion shifts to New York politics, focusing on the impact of FDA regulations and criticisms of Governor Kathy Hochul's economic and immigration policies. The episode concludes with an analysis of the Democratic Party's shift toward socialist ideologies and a series of listener calls regarding political shifts in Pennsylvania and national concerns.

Mark Levin discusses the necessity of military action against Iran to counter its nuclear threat, criticizing isolationist rhetoric and discussing potential interim governance led by Prince Reza Pahlavi. He also addresses geopolitical tensions involving Turkey's expanding influence and Russia's support for the Iranian regime. The episode further explores domestic political shifts, including declining Democratic Party favorability, ethics reports regarding congressional figures, and the rise of radical ideologies like the DSA. Levin concludes with an analysis of Florida primary results and a defense of the constitutional importance of checks and balances.

Mark Levin examines the shifting landscape of American discourse, discussing how digital media allows intellectuals like Thomas Sowell to bypass traditional gatekeepers while warning against the rise of socialist ideologies and generational division. He critiques Democratic efforts to reform the Supreme Court and analyzes the lack of viewpoint diversity within mainstream news organizations. The episode also features an interview with Congressman Randy Fine regarding anti-Semitic attacks and foreign influence in elections, followed by a discussion on Iran's military escalation plans. Finally, author Alyssa Rosenheck discusses her book 'White Period, Blonde Period, Jew Period,' detailing the weaponization of identity, the tactics of DARVO, and the impact of online disinformation campaigns.

Mark Levin discusses his concerns regarding gender identity in the WNBA and allegations of racism within the league, while also addressing Iran's economic survival strategies and recent security threats involving the President's travel. He critiques geopolitical tensions and the potential for increased violence leading up to midterms, specifically criticizing ceasefires that allow enemies to regroup. The episode further explores a critique of economic socialism, arguing against government subsidies as violations of personal responsibility. Levin concludes with an attack on the Democratic Party's efforts to fundamentally alter the U.S. Constitution, the Supreme Court, and the economic system through wealth taxes, court packing, and policies regarding immigration and sanctuary states in California and New York.

Mark Levin and guest Harry Enten analyze recent primary election trends, focusing on high Democratic turnout and polling anomalies in the Michigan Senate race. The discussion extends to the alarming rise of the national debt, critiques of 'pseudo-conservative' ideologies, and the impact of government overreach on economic stability. The episode also features an interview with Minnesota Senate candidate Michelle Tafoya regarding political corruption and immigration in Minnesota. Additional segments cover the influence of Marxist ideology in academia, the legal implications of political violence following the murder of Brian Thompson, and concerns regarding mass immigration and national assimilation.

Mark Levin addresses allegations regarding his stance on military involvement in Iran and critiques Democratic leaders for promoting divisive narratives on citizenship and law enforcement. Joined by Representative Jim Jordan, the discussion explores the ideological shift within the Democratic Party toward socialism and the economic implications of such policies. The episode also features an interview with Arnold Roth, who recounts his family's decades-long struggle for justice following the Sbarro pizzeria terrorist attack. The conversation covers the complexities of international extradition, new civil lawsuits under the Anti-Terrorism Act, and the ongoing fight to hold perpetrators accountable.

Mark Levin discusses his concerns regarding the Democratic Party's alleged efforts to fundamentally alter the U.S. Constitution, the Supreme Court, and the economic system through policies like wealth taxes and expanded government control. He argues that there is a significant ideological overlap between mainstream Democrats and radical ideologies such as Marxism and Islamism. The episode also covers the rising federal budget deficit and its impact on the national debt, alongside critiques of modern economic narratives and political figures. Levin concludes by addressing listener concerns regarding foreign policy threats from the Iranian regime, the necessity of preparing a government-in-waiting, and the potential consequences of implementing 'Medicare for All'.

Mark Levin examines the escalating geopolitical and economic threats facing America, from Iran's survivalist restructuring to the rise of socialist ideologies in modern politics. He critiques the psychological impact of economic socialism on individual responsibility and warns that government subsidies for education and childcare undermine constitutional values. The episode also addresses domestic fiscal concerns, including the instability of the national debt, the implications of high taxation in states like New York, and the potential for civil unrest due to wealth redistribution proposals. Through personal anecdotes and caller interactions, Levin explores the realities of economic hardship in the Rust Belt and the importance of vocational training over ideological indoctrination.

Mark Levin addresses a wide range of pressing political and social issues, beginning with concerns over gender identity in the WNBA and the impact of biological males in women's sports. He critiques various progressive policies, including Senator Durbin's credit card mandates and the economic implications of high taxation on wealthy earners. The episode also explores international relations and cultural shifts, discussing US-Israel military ties, the rise of anti-Semitism regarding AIPAC, and the perceived threats posed by Sharia law. Levin concludes with an analysis of economic history, contrasting the legacies of FDR and Reagan while addressing concerns over cultural assimilation and global political threats.

Mark Levin discusses the perceived threat of radical Islamism in the United States and Europe, arguing that it represents a significant cultural threat. He critiques various political figures and Democratic leaders, accusing them of being complicit with extremist ideologies and undermining American institutions. Levin also criticizes Democratic politicians for ties to radicalism and analyzes the controversial Senate hearing regarding Adam Kandoub's views on Muslim immigrants. Additionally, he addresses modern economic concerns, arguing that inflation is driven by massive government spending and warns against adopting leftist or isolationist rhetoric.